French Temporal Prepositions - Prépositions de temps

Memory Keepers Daughter Literary Analysis Essay - 1375 Words

In the book â€Å"The Memory Keepers Daughter† by Kim Edwards a doctor and his wife have twins and the first child is a healthy boy but then the second child that comes out is a little girl with the signs of down syndrome and he asks his Nurse to take the baby away to an institution while he tells his wife the baby girl died. Through out the entire book it is a struggle for Dr. Henrys wife Norah to have closure with the fact that her baby girl is said to be dead and she never saw her, held her, or cared for her. Kim Edwards shows through the whole book that we are only human, the themes that life is beyond our control and through the connection between suffering and joy. Edwards uses plot to set up a sort of life schedule. It goes in order†¦show more content†¦But David, you missed a lot of joy. In the theme that life is beyond our control the author Kim Edwards has the book move through the years rapidly and at a fast pace in order to demonstrate how life flys by. Throughout the book Edwards uses photography as a metaphor showing the character Davids growing obsession with taking photographs as a desperate attempt to make time stand still: Photo after photo, as if he could stop time or make an image powerful enough to obscure the moment when he turned and handed his daughter to Caroline Gill. Life may also feel as it is out of their control with there being a constant aura of uncertainty or â€Å"what if† quality. That being said, the characters in the end will always wonder what life would have been like if David had never given his daughter away, but find it exhausting to wonder once they are brought together in the end after the death of David. As Paul reflects at the end of the novel: His mother was right; he could never know what might have happened. All he had were the facts. Life was also seeming to be out of anyones control with the struggle of the melancholy tone through the novel with Norah becoming more and more depressed becoming that of a drinker in Pauls young life and then being so unhappy with her marriage with David for him being so distant that she has an affair with a man while she is on a trip to Aruba with her job. Even with the tone the author seems to have it progress in aShow MoreRelatedEssay Analysis (of Anger)1595 Words   |  7 PagesA. AUTHOR’S BACKGROUND Francis Bacon Francis Bacon was born in York House, London on January 22, 1561. His Father, Sir Nicholas Bacon, was the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal under Queen Elizabeth I. Bacon studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1573 to 1575. The younger of two sons, Bacon was eighteen when his father died in 1576, leaving him impoverished. This was the year Bacon gained entrance as a senior governor at a legal education institution, one of the four Inns of Court. He alsoRead MoreAnalyzing Sonnys Blues Essay2151 Words   |  9 PagesAnalysis of Sonnys Blues Sonnys Blues was written in 1957, but carries a vital social message in our society today of people trying to understand one another and find their identity. Sonnys Blues not only states dramatically the motive for Baldwins famous polemics in the cause of Black Freedom, but it also provides an esthetic linking his work, in all literary genres, with the cultures of the Black ghetto (Reilly 56). To truly understand Baldwins purpose in writing Sonnys Blues aboutRead MoreKhasak14018 Words   |  57 PagesMonday, 26 October 2009 Preface This dissertation titled ART AS A RENDEZVOUS OF MYTH AND MIND: A PSYCHOANALYTIC AND MYTHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF O V VIJAYAN’S THE LEGENDS OF KHASAK explores how the judicious selection and use of literary theory can account for the universal appeal of The Legends of Khasak, a belated self translated rendering of a famous regional work in Malayalam, Khasakkinte Ithihasam authored by the eminent writer O V Vijayan, and thus assert its artistic value. Divided into fourRead MoreAnalysis the Use of Stream of Consciousness in Mrs Dalloway8784 Words   |  36 PagesAnalysis the use of stream of consciousness in Mrs Dalloway BY Qian Jiajia Prof. Zhang Li, Tutor A Thesis Submitted to Department of English Language and Literature in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of B.A in English At Hebei Normal University May 8th , 2009 Abstract As one of the representative writers of novels of stream of consciousness, Virginia Woolf has made important contributions to the development of the technique of stream of consciousnessRead MoreEnglish Proverbs and Sayings8785 Words   |  36 Pagesequivalents to English proverbs and sayings Our hypothesis is that English proverbs and sayings can be widely used in teaching different aspects of the language. In this work we used different research methods, such as scientific cognition methods (analysis and synthesis), empirical methods (comparison). We think that the information acquired during the research is useful for learning and understanding the essence of proverbs and sayings and their role in communication; it develops language competence

Principle International Taxation Bloomsbury -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Principle International Taxation Bloomsbury? Answer: Introduction: The taxation ruling of 92/2 provides the explanation relating to the expenditure that is occurred on carrying out the scientific research and the same can be considered as deductions under subsection 73A (1) of the ITAA 1936 (Barkoczy 2016). The activities of Research and development enables the business and the non-profit organization to attain excellence in the operations. The managers of the organizations usually seek to enhance the operational effectiveness of the firm. The Research and development initiatives assist in improving the overall efficiency of the organization. As evident the research and development requires huge outlay and to attain the organizational efficiency both the profit making and non-profit making firms devote their fund in Research and development activities (Tan Braithwaite and Reinhart 2016). These activities also accompanies tax incentive that are commonly known as research and development incentives. The current study places emphasis on the effects of Research and development incentives for the listed companies in Australia. Discussion of Ruling: Ever since the adoption of the section 73A during the year 1946 the taxpayers are able to put forward their claim regarding the tax deductions for the expenses that are incurred on the scientific research, which might not have, been allowed under any other provision. The taxation ruling of TR 92/2 is regarded as the specific ruling that governs the provision of the tax incentive relating to the activities of research and development in a firm (Snape. and De Souza 2016). To arrive at the assessable income of an organization, section 73A of Income Tax Assessment Act, 1936 provides the forms of scientific expenses that is occurred and the same can be considered as an allowable deduction. Additionally, Sub-section 1 of section 73A of ITAA, 1936 lay down that expenses on scientific research and development will be considered as the allowable deductions given the expenses is not allowed for deduction in any other sections. Companies that are listed on the recognized stock exchange will be provided with the amenities of claiming an allowable deduction relating to the expenses occurred on scientific research and development activities. An important consideration relating to the section 73A is that evidently provides that the expenses on research and development must be incurred in the course of deriving the assessable income (Braithwaite 2017). On finding that the expenses on research and development is not incurred in the course of gaining an assessable income then no deductions will be considered allowable in this respect for listed firms. The research and development tax incentive is useful in determining the taxable earnings of the listed companies and such incentive is largely to motivate the business organizations to spend on the research and development activities. As defined under the subsection 1 of the section 73A of the ITAA 1936 explains that there are certain expenses that will be considered as an allowable expenditure in determining the taxable earnings of the business for their tax liabilities; Payments that is made to the approved research institutes Expenditure that is incurred of capital nature on the scientific research associated to the business Expenditure that is occurred on plant which is put into use for scientific research Expenditure associated to the capital expenditure on the buildings (Cao et al. 2015). As evident from the above stated analysis it is understood that the payments that is made in respect of the approved research organizations for conducting the research associated to the activities of the business. An important assertion in this regard is that the expenses can be incurred in the business premises of the firm or the same could be executed out of the premises which is the approved research institute (Woellner et al. 2014). Place is not regarded as the vital factor in performing the research and development expenses for claiming an allowable deduction from the assessable income of business. Hence, the scientific expenses on research and development must be in respect of the business. Besides making the payment a listed firm would have the facilities of obtaining the benefit of tax incentive under section 73A of ITAA, 1936 for the expenses incurred on scientific research given that the necessary conditions of the act is followed (Bevacqua 2015). The taxation ruling of TR 92/2 necessarily lay down in respect of the listed firms that the capital expenditure that is occurred should be directly related to business and the same should not have occurred for any other below stated purposes; Payments that is made to purchase the plant and machinery relating to the scientific research purpose of the firm Payments made by organization in acquiring the land and building Payments that is made to change, add or extend the current premises. Beside the above mentioned criteria any other form of scientific expenses that is occurred will be considered as allowable deductions given the expenses is entirely occurred for business purpose. The listed companies would be able to claim 1/3 of the total amount of deductions on scientific expense that is occurred in acquisition of land and building. Additionally the listed companies would be able to claim allowable deductions on the land and buildings if the building is used for scientific purpose. Importantly deductions can be claimed only if the expenses is incurred on or after 1st July 1946. Subsection 2 of the ITAA 1936 provides that the taxable income of the firm can be reduced by 1/3rd portion of the expenses that is occurred in acquiring the land and building (Davison, Monotti and Wiseman 2015). These expenses can be reduced from the taxable income even though they are incurred in extending the land and building given that it is used for the scientific research purpose of th e listed firms. The provision of the subsection 2 of the ITAA 1936 is not applicable to the expenses that is occurred in the construction of the premises or a portion of that premises given that the construction of such premises has occurred before 21st November 1987. The taxation ruling of TR 92/2 provides an additional explanation relating to the tax incentive relating to the expenses occurred on scientific research and development. Section 73A of the ITAA lay down that the listed companies availing tax incentive must meet the necessary deductions requirements. In conducting, the business functions if listed organizations incurs expenditure on scientific research and development in deriving the assessable income relating to the business the company will be able to claim an allowable deductions (Miller and Oats 2016). These kinds of research and development expenses is classified under different classes in TR 92/2 for determining the tax implications of these expenses on the taxable income of the organization. The categories of expenses is stated below; Expenditure incurred by the listed companies regarding the payment made to approve the scientific research institute Capital spending that is occurred for conducting the scientific research of the business for the listed companies The listed companies in respect of acquiring the plant and equipment that is used for performing the scientific research occur spending that. Capital spending that takes place in acquiring the building for performing the scientific research activities. The taxation ruling of TR 92/2 specifically deals with the first two items that is stated able which is related to the payment made to the recognized scientific institutes and capital expenses occurred for scientific reasons (Konoplitskaya 2017). Therefore, the assessable income of the listed organizations would be fall by amount of expenses reported for scientific purpose. The business will be claim an allowable deductions given the expenses are occurred with the motive of investing in research and development activities of improving the overall functions of the firm. The taxpayers are under the obligation of meeting the two specific business conditions. On first instance, the taxpayer would be required to execute the business activities for generating the assessable income. Secondly, the payments must be made in respect of the scientific research and development made by the business. Under such circumstances the listed firm in respect of the section 73A (1) of the act would be able to claim the benefit given that the such expenses are made within the scope of the act (Pope 2016). The effects of gaining tax incentive relating to expenses on scientific research is in large number. The capital expenses incurred by business can be availed for deductions except for the expenses incurred in plant and machinery or extension of land and building. The effects of section 73A (1) under the taxation ruling of TR 92/2 is stated below; Higher degree of emphasis on the research and development undertakings: With the tax incentive on offer, listed organizations are inspired to spend in bulk relating to the research and development undertakings. With the offer of tax incentive business firms are provided with the openings of using the tax shield offered by the taxation authority in lowering the instances of taxable earnings. Leveraging of tax position: The listed organizations that are functioning in the country having spend large amount of sum on conducting research and development for deriving the assessable income are allowed to leverage the tax position of the organization by making use of the benefits laid down under section 73A (1) of the ITAA 1936. Unlike the other expenses the listed organizations are providing with the facilities of setting off the expenses occurred in research and development (Kabinga 2015). The listed companies can additionally lower the assessable income and consequently could leverage their position of tax. Increasing the operational efficiency: As organizations are encouraged to spend large amount on research and development of the business the tax offering of tax incentive under the taxation ruling of TR 92/2 and under section 73Aof the ITAA 1936 have enabled the companies in improving their overall performance on multiple terms. The activities of research and development undertaken by the listed firms have enabled the firms in enhancing their operational business activities (Sikka 2017). Because of this, the overall functions of the business is improved. Improvement in the overall performance of the listed companies: Concerning the expenses incurred in research and development, the listed organizations have obtained an improved ways of functioning the business. Consequently, the overall financial performance of the listed organizations have immensely improved. Listed organization mainly aim to undertake the research and development expenses for strengthening the operational efficiency and usefulness of the firm (Mellon 2016). With respect to the activities of research and development the operational efficiency of the firm have increased significantly and because of this it has paved way for improved financial performance. Compliance with the income tax provision: To obtain the benefit of tax incentives related to the expenses incurred on research and development listed companies are required to comply with the provision of the ITAA (Basu 2017). Because of this listed firms have begun adhering to the requirements of tax provision stated under ITAA 1936 which ultimately provides the companies to obtain the benefit of tax incentive. Maintenance of appropriate books of accounts: To avail the tax incentive it is necessary to maintain the appropriate books of accounts. For listed companies it is mandatory on their part to maintain the appropriate books of accounts as this helps in keeping the track of expenses occurred relating to the activities of research and development. The business would be able to claim necessary income tax deductions and thereby it would help in reduction of income tax liabilities of the firm (Coleman et al. 2013). Consequently, the maintenance of the appropriate books of accounts and sufficient tracking of records have helped in proper record keeping of listed firms. Conclusion: On a conclusive note, the provision of taxation ruling of 92/2 creates positive impact on the listed organizations. The motivation of the listed companies are improved with large amount of spending being executed efficiently in the research and development activities. Overall, the operational efficiency of the organization is improved that ultimately improves the financial performance of the firm. Reference List: Barkoczy, S., 2016. Foundations of Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Basu, S., 2017. International Direct Taxation and E-Commerce: A Catalyst for Reform.NUJS L. Rev.,10, p.19. Bevacqua, J., 2015. ATO accountability and taxpayer fairness: An assessment of the proposal to split the Australian taxation office.UNSWLJ,38, p.995. Braithwaite, V. ed., 2017.Taxing democracy: Understanding tax avoidance and evasion. Routledge. Cao, L., Hosking, A., Kouparitsas, M., Mullaly, D., Rimmer, X., Shi, Q., Stark, W. and Wende, S., 2015. Understanding the economy-wide efficiency and incidence of major Australian taxes.Treasury WP,1. Coleman, C., Hanegbi, R., Hart, G., Jogarajan, S., Krever, R., McLaren, J., Orbist, W. and Sadiq, K., 2013. Principles of taxation law.THE AUSTRALIAN TAFE TEACHER. Davison, M., Monotti, A. and Wiseman, L., 2015.Australian intellectual property law. Cambridge University Press. Kabinga, M., 2015. Established principles of taxation.Tax justice poverty. Konoplitskaya, A.V., 2017. PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION. In (pp. 141-143). Mellon, A.W., 2016.Taxation: the peoples business. Pickle Partners Publishing. Miller, A. and Oats, L., 2016.Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury Publishing. Pope, T.R., 2016.Pearson's Federal Taxation: 2017 Comprehensive. Prentice Hall. Sikka, P., 2017, January. Accounting and taxation: Conjoined twins or separate siblings?. InAccounting Forum. Elsevier. Snape, J. and De Souza, J., 2016.Environmental taxation law: policy, contexts and practice. Routledge. Tan, L.M., Braithwaite, V. and Reinhart, M., 2016. Why do small business taxpayers stay with their practitioners? Trust, competence and aggressive advice.International Small Business Journal,34(3), pp.329-344. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2014. Taxation of consolidated groups. InAustralian Taxation Law 2014(pp. 951-996). CCH.

Pascals Principle free essay sample

This principle, which is known as Pascals principle from being distinctly formulated by him, is the most important in hydrostatics, and finds a practical application in the Hydrostatic press, or Bramahs Press(3) Not only is pressure transmitted out to the surface or  envelope  of the liquid, but within the  fluid  itself the  particlesare all pressed together. When a solid is immersed in the liquid it is pressed at every point of its surface in the direction  perpendicular  to the surface at that point. 3) In every horizontal layer throughout the liquid the pressure per unit  area  is the same; and this is the case independently of the shape of any vessel in which the liquid may be contained. The pressure per unit  area  in any horizontal layer depends only on the height of the free surface of the liquid above the layer considered, and the specific  gravity  of the liquid: and it is equal to the weight of a column of the liquid of unit sectional  area  w hose height is the height of the free surface. We will write a custom essay sample on Pascals Principle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hence whatever be the shape or size of several vessels, if all have the same  area  of base, and if in all the water stands at the same height, the pressure on each of the  bases  is the same. (5) When a solid is immersed either partially or wholly in a liquid a portion of the liquid is displaced. The solid is at the same time pressed at every point by the liquid. But the upward pressure on the solid is greater than the downward by an amount equivalent to the weight of the liquid displaced by the solid. Hence we obtain what is called the principle ofArchimedes, namely, that a  body  immersed either wholly or partially in a  fluid  loses a portion of its weight equal to that of the  fluid  which it displaces. This principle is of great importance as regards the floatation of bodies, and the determination of specific  gravity, etc. In regard to the sinking or floating of bodies three different cases may thus arise: First, the weight of the  body  may exceed the weight of the liquid it displaces, in which case the  body  sinks in the liquid; Second, the weight of the  body  may be less than that of the liquid displaced, in which case the  body  will not remain submerged unless forcibly held down, but will rise to the top and partly out of the liquid until the weight of the liquid displaced is equal to its own weight; Third, the weight of the  body  may be equal to the weight of the liquid displaced, in which case it will have little or no tendency either to sink or rise. Research HydrostaticsPASCALS PRINCIPLEIn  physics, Pascals principle states that when a  fluid  completely fills a vessel, and a pressure is applied to it at any part of its surface, that pressure is transmitted equally throughout the whole of the enclosed  fluid.

Clinical Psychology Paper Essay Example

Clinical Psychology Paper Essay Running head: Clinical Psychology Paper Clinical Psychology Paper Launita D. Joseph University of Phoenix Clinical Psychology Paper When psychology is mentioned one will think about the study of the mind. Several topics may be discussed under psychology. Psychology is a discipline that involves the scientific study of human or animal mental functions and behaviors. However, clinical psychology is integrated with theory, science, and practice to understand, predict, and remove maladjustment, discomfort, and also to promote humans to adapt, adjust, and improve personal development (American Psychological Association, Division 12, 2009). Within this paper one will locate the history and evolving nature of clinical counseling psychology and the role of research and statistics in clinical counseling psychology. Clinical psychology is the most popular of all areas of psychology. Clinical psychology came about in 1896 when Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) opened the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania. Witmer’s undergraduate studies were completed in 1888 at the University of Pennsylvania. Later in 1892, Witmer earned his PhD at the University of Leipzig in psychology, under Wilhelm Wundt. Witmer became the director of the psychology laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania after receiving his doctoral studies (Plante, 2005). Witmer’s practical application of psychology expanded the clinical applications to begin treating various mental health disorders. Clinicus is a Latin word that derived clinic. Clinical psychology is concerned with treating sick patients. With all saying, clinical psychology is the teaching about, researching about, or the treatment of a patient with mental health disorders. We will write a custom essay sample on Clinical Psychology Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Clinical Psychology Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Clinical Psychology Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Clinical psychology continued to grow and became influenced by psychoanalysis that focuses on the unconscious functions. The different forms of clinical treatment that was brought out in the mid 20th century with associations and reactions against psychoanalysis, which is now called psychotherapy (Richmond, 2009). In December 1896, the American Psychological Association had a plan of practical work in psychology. The plan of organization consisted of: †¢The investigation of the belief that mental development in school children has shown more in mental and moral retardation, by the means of statistical and clinical methods. A psychological clinic, with help from a training school in the nature of a hospital school treats all classes of children who suffer from retardation or physical defects that interfere with school progress. †¢The offering of practical work to those that work in the field of teaching and medicine, and those who are interested in social work, in the observ ation, and training of normal and retarded children. †¢New students who are interested in the field of psychological work with the school system, through the examination and treatment of mentally and morally retarded children, or who are connected to the practice of medicine (Green, Unknown). In 1897, the department of psychology in the university of Pennsylvania put a four week course together that was given daily under the auspices of the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching. A course in child psychology was given to show the different methods of child psychology especially the clinical method, in addition to lectures and laboratory courses in experimental and physiological psychology. Children who came to the clinic suffered from defects of the ear, eye, motor ability, or in attention, and memory (Green, Unknown). With clinical psychology, the psychologist’s are employed in settings such as business, government, industry, or nonprofit organizations, provide training, conducting researches, designing organizational systems, and act as advocates for psychology. Clinical psychologist’s formulated hypotheses and gather their data to test the validity of the research. The research methods vary with what observation is studied. Some psychologists gather information from controlled laboratory experiments or by administering personality, aptitude, intelligence, or performance tests. Psychologists also have methods that include observations, questionnaires, clinical studies, interviews, and surveys. A psychologist will apply his or her knowledge to a wide range of topics, including human and health services, management, law, education, and sports. Usually psychologists specialize in many different areas (United States Department of Labor, 2009). With knowing that clinical psychology is one of the most studied areas in psychology, one should know there is a large amount of information available in that field. Clinical psychology was studied in early years and has expanded to several other fields in the line of clinical psychology. If one chooses work in this field of study, research is important because new techniques may evolve and should be used in order to produce effective work with clients. References American Psychological Association, Division 12. (2009). Society of clinical Psychology. About clinical Psychology. Retrieved on November 29, 2009, from http://www. apa. org/divisions/div12/aboutcp. html Green, C. D. (Unknown). Classics in the History of Psychology. Clinical Psychology. York University, Toronto, Ontario Retrieved on November 29, 2009, from http://psychclassics. yorku. ca/Witmer/clinical. htm Plante, T. G. (2005). Contemporary Clinical Psychology. John Wiley Sons, Inc. Richmond, R. L. (2009). A Guide to Psychology and its Practice. Psychology: Clinical and counseling – and Licensure. Retrieved on November 29, 2009, from Http://www. guidetopsychology. com/cln_cns. htm United States Department of Labor. (2009). Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008-09 Edition. Retrieved on November 29, 2009, from http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos056. htm

Gandhi, A Great Leader Essays - Gandhism, Ascetics, Gujarati People

Gandhi, A Great Leader Essays - Gandhism, Ascetics, Gujarati People Gandhi, A Great Leader Few men have ever had as much of an effect on our world as Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948), though he used the message of peace and love, rather than war and destruction. One time a prominent lawyer in South Africa, Gandhi gave up practicing law and returned to India in order to help ease the suffering of the repressed people of his homeland. Gandhi's love for people and his religious fervor made him a revolutionary in many of his ideas and actions. He desired to see India freed from British rule in a bloodless revolution, similar to the Glorious Revolution of Seventeenth Century England. Knowing that violence only begets violence, he began the practicing of passive resistance, or as he called it, Satyagraha which means holding onto truth. In his famous Salt March of 1930, Gandhi and thousands of others marched to a coast where salt lay on the beaches to protest the British Governments' prohibition against the Indians making their own salt. Though many were beaten, arrested and killed, no one fought back. Over the course of his life he led three major crusades, rallied support for nonviolent strikes, urged Indians to boycott anything British, and championed women's rights. Gandhi exemplified many characteristics of a great leader. His love for the people of India was boundless; he wanted nothing more than to serve and help them. Always putting others above himself, he sought to make himself even lower than the lowest member of the Hindu caste system. He even humbled himself to the point of sweeping up excrement left behind by others, hoping to teach that disease was spread in filth. One of his most admirable qualities was that he led by example and never preached that which he was not willing to do himself. A common thread between Gandhi and many other great leaders was that no matter what he did, he did it to the best of his ability. He once said: No matter how insignificant the thing you have to do, do it as well as you can, give it as much of your care and attention as you would give to the thing you regard as most important. For it will be by those things that you shall be judged. He gave up his life and material possessions, fasted, toiled and suffered for his people and their cause. He showed that passiveness is not synonymous with weakness, and became a leader in the truest sense of the word. Perhaps Gandhi's greatest contribution to the world continued long after his assassination in 1948. Few realize that had it not been for his influence, we may have never witnessed in this country Martin Luther King Junior's I have a dream speech, the lunch counter sit-ins, Rosa Parks, or Nelson Mandela's struggle against antiapartheid oppression in South Africa. These people and many more who have followed in his footsteps bear witness to Gandhi's leadership ability and his legacy that will continue for many centuries to come.

Analyzing the Reasons for Investing Abroad Essay

Analyzing the Reasons for Investing Abroad - Essay Example This essay critically analyzes and discusses the reasons why a firm chooses to invest abroad. Investing Abroad Firms decide to invest abroad for various reasons. Even so, companies that choose to invest overseas largely strive to strengthen their global competitiveness. Numerous global companies choose to invest abroad to penetrate bigger overseas markets. In order to sustain growth, a company should boost its sales or profits, which could be unattainable in the local market. In general, according to Cohen (2007), local markets are restricted to a specific growth rate and size and are highly exposed to competition from other local markets with comparable production, marketing, and product capacities. In this setting, investing abroad is a rational decision for a firm planning to penetrate a bigger market. Aside from the profitability of an additional, bigger market, foreign markets usually provide further competitive gains to the company (Ajami & Goddard 2006, 221). Such markets, for instance, may not have organizational capabilities that are comparable with or of similar level as those of a company investing abroad and the level foreign market competition may not be as heavy as competition in local markets (p. 221). At times companies should do business abroad to penetrate global markets because government regulations of host countries mandate that the products of the company be produced locally. These regulations are commonly enforced to heighten the growth of the national economy, employment, and overall domestic production (Carbaugh 2010, 12). Hence, the firm that plans to penetrate a foreign market has to spend for foreign facilities that are supervised by local managers, in domestic subsidiaries, or by means of several other mechanisms. A company penetrating a foreign market may prefer to do business there if it realizes that it is more cost-effective to produce products locally, instead of producing them at home and selling them abroad. Production econom ies may take place via other dynamics if the local market is huge and the demand is sustainable to give good reason for investment in the facility and tools required to establish a production system. For instance, the marketing and delivery costs could be cheaper than those of processes at home, the sources of needed raw materials could be nearer to the facility abroad, and the labor costs could be cheaper abroad (Frishberg 2010, 139). Another major aspect is the company’s location. A facility located overseas could also be a lot more productive for a developing market. Generally, companies do business in direct competition with other global and local companies. This form of competition is especially strong in markets where only a small number of major companies dominate. In this setting, the strategies of a particular company are swiftly imitated and rivaled by the others. As a result, if a company invests overseas, its rivals carry out the same tactic (Ajami & Goddard 2006, 222). One apparent reason for investing overseas is to be on a par with the established company in new markets and total sales/profit. Another reason is the necessity of rivaling competitors’ overseas tactic; otherwise, the competition may gain

Internal Recruitment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internal Recruitment - Case Study Example The purpose of the paper is to generate an in-depth understanding about the aspects of recruitment. The paper will describe the recruitment process and identify the similarities and dissimilarities between the works of two authors i.e. Bach’s book â€Å"Managing Human Resources† and Torrington, Hall and Taylor’s book â€Å"Human Resource Management† regarding the internal recruitment. Literature Review According to Bach (2005), recruitment and selection is the procedure of selecting the appropriate employees from the pool of inappropriate employees who can effectively fit in the organisational culture and job responsibilities. Bach had mentioned the recruitment model as ‘psychometric’ or traditional method to employment because traditional method of recruitment focused on job and followed a coherent structure of actions. This method is mainly used in service organisations which require high degree of job fit. Bach focuses on finding suitable s election methods which are capable of forecasting appropriate employees from inappropriate employees, i.e. methods which have thorough psychometric components of rationality and consistency (Bach, 2005). According to Torrington et. al. (2008), organisations require finding and getting employees who are required by organisation for success. These employees can be part-time, permanent, or irregular, and the employment relationship with them is the agreement which sums up the aspects of that association so that both parties know their position. According to the authors, the entire employee resourcing procedure is represented by the joint assessment that occurs in selection meeting, in order to identify that if certain candidates are appropriate for the organisation or not. Selection meeting not only assists the organisation to get proper employee, but also helps the applicant for getting his/her desired job (Torrington et. al., 2008). Recruitment Process Both authors have certain simil ar and a few dissimilar opinions regarding recruitment. According to Bach (2005), recruitment often takes place when a present employee leaves the organisation or when organisations need to fill any vacant job position. The organisational reaction is to replace the old employee with substitute employee so that the absence does not hamper the business operations. Torrington et. al., (2008), described that apart from using recruitment, organisations have several other ways to fill the vacancies. For instance, organisations can reform the tasks by allocating or shifting the time as well as reorganise the work procedures to fill the gap of performance caused by departure of certain employees. However, there are certain situations where recruitment becomes essential even if employees do not leave an organisation, for instance, if organisations enlarge the business or create new divisions in the market. According to Bach’s (2005) point of view, recruitment process includes a method ical appraisal of the necessities of an organisation and detailed examination of job requisite in terms of job analysis. It is essential for an organisation as even when an employee is substituted, there can still be variations in job necessities. Torrington & et. al., (2008), had also suggested that job descriptions are crucial for evaluating the job necessities and for preparing the employers for recruiting.

Special Education Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Special Education - Article Example avior, of which William was also observed to exhibit: inattention: â€Å"often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly† (cited in Foley, Carlton, & Howell, 1996, pp. 341-342); hyperactivity: â€Å"often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected; often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate† (APA, 1994, cited in Foley, Carlton, & Howell, 1996, p. 342). Concurrently, the behaviors that suggest that this may be a conduct disorder are as follows: aggression: â€Å"often bullies, threatens, or intimidates; often initiates physical fights; has been physically cruel to people† (APA, 1994, cited in Foley, Carlton, & Howell, 1996, p. 342); and destruction of property: â€Å"has deliberately destroyed others property† (APA, 1994, cited in Foley, Carlton, & Howell, 1996, p. 342). In making any recommendations or actions to address William’s dilemma, the legal considerations that must be taken into account include the use of excess force to restrain William and which could cause harm and injury to him; and implementing interventions that run counter to those recommended by the DHS or the surrogate mother, without proper court order or legal approval. Foley, H., Carlton, C., & Howell, R. (1996). The Relationship of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder to Juvenile Delinquency: Legal Implications. Retrieved from Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law:

Cyprus’ Accession in NATOs Partnership for Peace

Cyprus’ Accession in NATOs Partnership for Peace ABSTRACT: The contemporary political debate which has emerged recently in the political arena of Cyprus regarding the issue of Cyprus’ accession in NATO’s programme Partnership for Peace (PfP) provoked a rich discussion concerning the historical orientation of the country’s foreign policy. Although Cyprus has been a full member of the European Union since the 1st of May 2004, its comprehensive participation to European Security and Defence Policies and structures is questioned and partly limited. This statement is an emanation of the fact that Cyprus constitutes the only Member State in the EU, which is neither a member of NATO nor of the PfP. Therefore, the Cypriot indirect absence from ‘Western’ security and defence structures combined with the Turkish intensive participation causes several internal and external implications and raise doubts concerning, both the exact role of Cyprus in the European Security system, as well as the future of the dialogue regar ding relations between NATO and the EU. This paper explores three different phases of Cyprus’ foreign policy and tries to evaluate the reasons which led to the partial adjustment in its directions. In particular, throughout the Cold War, Cyprus implemented a policy of the Non-Aligned Movement. However, in 1990 it applied for EEC membership transforming its foreign policy and shaping a European orientation. Nevertheless, since February 2008 the new elected President Demetris Christofias – a former leader of the communist party AKEL- has been categorically rejecting to put Cyprus in the path of accession into the NATO’s PfP. As the conclusion states, although Cyprus’ foreign policy is Europe-oriented, there are particular cases which prove that the country’s foreign policy is not linear and is partially modulated depending on the government’s political and ideological orientation. The final assessment of whether the foreign policy transformati ons are rational and beneficial for Cyprus remains controversial and open to different interpretations. Introduction The exercise and implementation of foreign policy comprise a decisive parameter which marks and defines the state’s external behaviour, as well as its politico-ideological placement in the international system. Undoubtedly, the establishment and cultivation of external relations, as well as the ability to inaugurate diplomatic contacts with other states and international organizations, are all fundamental elements of international relations, which enhance and reinforce the state’s position in the international scene and improve the climate of cooperation between states. However, a basic question that needs to be addressed and evaluated concerning the implementation of foreign policy is whether it remains steady and linear, or is being transformed and adjusted depending on evolving national interests and the rapid changes which are observed in the international environment. If the latter scenario is the case, the question which arises has to do with the variety of differ ent factors which contribute and lead to the transformation and the partial redefinition of the national foreign policy direction. Despite the fact that it is a relatively small island, the Republic of Cyprus has had a rich and diverse history, . This paper will examine the case study of Cyprus’ foreign policy, analysing and critically approaching its evolutionary process throughout the years, trying to contribute to the discussion concerning the orientations and transformations of the country’s foreign policy throughout its existence. As the methodological type of this research is a case study, this paper tries to focus on the historical process of Cyprus’ foreign policy seeking to assess the factors which led to its partial redefinition and rethinking during three crucial stages of its history. It is worthy to clarify that the purpose of this paper is not to present and examine the Cyprus Problem per se, but how Cyprus saw and still sees its place in Europe through the exercise and implementation of its foreign policy. This explanatory case study attempts to evaluate three different stages which reveal the ‘asymmetric nature’ and non linear orientation of the country’s foreign policy . As the conclusion states, although Cyprus after 1990 has been following a steady European orientation, its foreign policy has not changed, but is partly modulated and adjusted depending on the ideological background of the party in government. The following analysis will prove that despite the fact that Cyprus’ foreign policy is Europe-oriented, some of its aspects are now hostage to the government’s ideology. What diversifies this paper from the existing literature is the interplay between internal and external dynamics in foreign policy perceptions. The structure of the Work This paper is divided into three parts based on three different approaches and periods of Cyprus’ foreign policy. The first chapter examines Cyprus’ foreign policy in the very early years of its existence, when it faced the dilemma of either being a satellite state, expressing support to either of the two superpowers, or to remain neutral. Bypassing the intensive disagreement from the Turkish Cypriot Vice President, President Makarios, took the decision to participate in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961 keeping the country away from the direct epicentre of the Cold War. After following a non-aligned foreign policy during the Cold War and with the Cyprus problem being unresolved, the Cypriot political leadership decided that the country needed to dramatically change the orientation of its foreign policy.    Following the brief examination of Cyprus’ non-aligned foreign policy during the Cold War, the second chapter deals clearly with the immediate post Co ld-War era, where one could notice a total shift and a significant alteration of the country’s foreign policy. This chapter argues that the period after 1990 can be characterized as an effort from the Cyprus government to approach and join the Western European structures maintaining at the same time, friendly relations with the former Soviet Union countries. In 1990, Cyprus applied for membership of the EEC in order to achieve a series of national, political, and economic goals. The third chapter will present and analyze one of the most recent and contemporary political debates, concerning the issue of Cyprus’ comprehensive participation in European Security and Defence structures and policies, with additional emphasis on the issue of Cyprus’ prospect of joining NATO’s PfP. After the examination and analysis of the above three periods which showed a different motivation from Cypriot governments concerning the orientation of foreign policy, this paper concludes with an overall assessment of the aforementioned issues. Although the purpose of this paper is not to make predictions and speculations for the future, it is necessary to pose some crucial questions for further research about how Cyprus sees its place in Europe. Literature review – Methodological approach – Conceptual clarifications It is widely accepted that the Cyprus problem is by its nature a very tenebrous, sensitive, ambiguous and controversial political problem which can be approached from a variety of different political angles depending on the way one understands the various balances and realities in Cyprus. When studying cases like Cyprus, an objective researcher must take into account a series of different variables concerning the politico-ideological ambiguities in the context of the Cyprus political arena in order to be objective and formulate realistic arguments. A significant limitation which emerges in research methodology, as well as in the process of the examination and evaluation of recourses is the question of subjectivity and the realistic interpretation either of the primary sources or of the historical proceedings. The way the political life in Cyprus is structured, provides a rich philosophical tradition of debate between the political tendencies, which offers different explanations, diff erent interpretations and even different conclusions. If we apply the theory that a coin has always two sides and an argument has two different explanations, in the case of Cyprus, many coins have too many sides. The present brief literature review presents the major works published in the English language on the Cyprus issue in general. It is worthy to note that the vast majority of social scientific works on Cyprus are focused on Cyprus’ political problem and the conflict between the two communities and their political and territorial aspirations in the island. The impact of the factors which led to the reformulation of foreign policy attitude, or indeed the impact of the political debates in Cyprus’ political arena on foreign policy is comparatively little explored. The works contained herein have been chosen because of their relevance to one or more of the major themes running through the paper. Regarding the three key areas of this research, i.e. ‘Cyprus’ foreign policy’, ‘Cyprus’ EU accession process’ and ‘Cyprus and PfP’ the majority of the literature on Cyprus is extremely vast and enlightening on the second, less so o n the first, and virtually nonexistent on the last. In particular, one contemporary, objective and realistic account is offered by James Ker- Lindsay, [2004,2005,2008]. Ker-Lindsay and Hubert Faustman [2009] also undertook a comprehensive research on the politics and government of Cyprus, providing us a solid argumentation about the country’s political realities. Other historical backgrounds and analysis are offer by other authors like [Markides, 1977] â€Å"The Rise and fall of the Cyprus Republic† [Bitsios, 1975], â€Å"Cyprus: the vulnerable Republic†, [Polyviou, 1975] â€Å"Cyprus: The tragedy and the challenge†. Theophylactou Demetrios presented in 1995 his interpretation concerning the security, identity and the nation building offering a comprehensive work on the Cyprus issue based on a combination of domestic and external factors. Concerning Cyprus’ EU accession process there is an extensive literature. Nattalie Tocci [2004] examined the prospect of Cyprus’ accession process as a catal yst for peace to the political problem and offered an evaluation of the role of the EU to the conflict resolution in Cyprus. Moreover, Theophanous [2005] analysed the role of the EU in the Eastern Mediterranean, and its impact on the Cyprus question.   Additionally, Brewin [2000], Christou [2004] and Stephanou [2005], analyzed the period of accessions negotiations and assessed the implications which emerged in the country’s accession process and in the path towards the final membership. Nevertheless, the focus of the third chapter, concerning the Cyprus’ application for PfP membership constitutes a very contemporary issue and thus almost absent from the current literature. However, this does not mean that it will be consumed in speculation theories, as it is a useful example which proves that Cyprus’ foreign policy is not linear and is being adjusted depending on a series of political, national and ideological factors. Therefore, the author has used many comprehensive accounts on Cyprus and the Cyprus problem which also evaluate some of the basic foreign policy aspects that are assessed in this paper. Furthermore the works of [Howorth 2007] on European Security and Defence Policy and [Kentas 2005] on Cyprus and PfP were very helpful for this particular analysis Moreover, as there is a need to understand the position of the political parties, it was attempted to take interviews from all political parties, as well as from members of the core-executive. I t can be argued that the interviews offered the author the opportunity to better understand the existing political perceptions especially about the issue of PfP. A ‘diplomatic neutrality’:   Cyprus’ Foreign policy of the Non-Aligned Movement The agreements negotiated in Zurich and London in February 1959 between the three guarantor powers Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom led to the declaration of the Republic of Cyprus in 1960 . Apart from the domestic political implications, President Makarios, who was the first President of Cyprus, faced an early challenge and a significant dilemma. The specific dilemma and foreign policy decision has partly marked the country’s path and participation in international politico-economic affairs. In the apex of the Cold War, and with the international balances being sensitive and fragile, Cyprus’ government had three options regarding its foreign policy position and reaction to the global and political classifications. Firstly, there was a weakened assumption that Cyprus should have joined NATO as it belongs in the sphere of its influence and due to the fact that the three guarantor powers of the Republic are members of NATO. Besides the island’s strong indirect bonds with NATO, one could argue that, according to the informal and secret agreement between the Greek Prime Minister Constantinos Karamanlis and his Turkish counterpart Mederes, which was signed in Zurich in February 1959, Greece and Turkey, agreed to support a future Cyprus accession in NATO. However, the paradox of this case implies the fact that Makarios was informed and agreed to the specific provision of the agreement. Secondly, there has been a perception that Cyprus would have drifted to the Soviet bloc, due to the impact, the friendly relations and the significant power of the communist party in Cyprus – AKEL with the Soviet executive structures. However, those who knew and understood the political philosophy of Pre sident Makarios, realized that the most appropriate foreign policy option for Cyprus was the direction of the Non-Aligned Movement, as an effort to approach the third-world countries and the Arab world. The Non-Aligned Movement constitutes an international organisation of states considering themselves not formally and directly aligned with or against any major power bloc . As James Ker-Lindsay accurately observes, in 1955 ‘Makarios was one of the many leaders who attended the Afro-Asian Conference in Bandung in Indonesia’ . However, all scenarios that Cyprus would have joined and expressed support to either of the two superpowers remained only speculation, as Makarios decided that the best foreign policy direction for Cyprus was to join the NAM. An observation of the Cypriot daily press of the period shows that the decision generated slight repercussions in some political and social lobbies on both a domestic and international level. In particular, it is worthy to note that the Non-Aligned orientation provoked the intensive disagreement of the Turkish Cypriot vice president Dr. Fazil Kutchuk, despite the fact that he did not exert his veto right to block the decision . It is commonly believed that the Turkish Cypriot vice president was urged by Ankara to accept Makarios’ decision to make Cyprus a member of the NAM. Turkey’s political leadership believed that if Cyprus joined NATO and participated in the political and security structures of the Western alliance, Turkey’s ability to i ntervene in Cyprus on any occasion under Article 4 of the Treaty of Guaranty would be severely curtailed and subject to delays as it would need the essential approval of the other NATO member states. During the procedures of the Belgrade Conference in 1961 Cyprus became one of the twenty five founder states of the NAM. A basic explanation of this choice, which does not require any political analysis is that Makarios maintained excellent and friendly relations with a number of leading figures from Bandung’s Conference, especially Yugoslavia’s Josep Broz Tito and Egypt’s Abdul Gamal Nasser, and he was already forging a reputation as a leader across the Arab world . Moreover, the fact that Makarios’ first official overseas visit was to Egypt to see his very good friend and colleague President Nasser instead of visiting Greece was unexpected.    Additionally, the general consensus regarding the choice of NAM is proved by the fact that, even General Georgios Grivas who was the leader of EOKA and then one of the most intensive sources of opposition over Makarios’ policies, claimed that the movement towards the Arab world was promising and successful, expressing simultaneously his frustration at the way the Western allies treated Cyprus. Furthermore, he did not hesitate to call the Greek government to withdraw from NATO . Apart from the above, the general social frustration concerning the way the Western Allies treated Greek Cypriots during several times in contemporary Cyprus history, constituted another reason which demonized NATO in the eyes of the Greek Cypriot people. The initial negative experience the Cypriots obtained from the West has concerned the way the British responded to the demand of self determination and union with Greece. Although Cypriots participated and fought for the British in the Second World War, the British governments misplaced Cypriot hopes that Britain would have taken a more encouraging and positive position regarding the issue of union with Greece. Moreover, another crucial reason which proves the social disappointment to the British attitude has been the content and provisions of the various partitionist plans for a settlement proposed by several British officials. In particular such plans prepared and submitted by Marshal Sir John Harding in 1956 in his negotiations with Makarios, the ideas of Lord Radcliffe in December of the same year and the comprehensive proposal prepared by British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in 1958. All these plans were assessed and rejected as unacceptable by the Greek Cypriot leadership and provoked a general mistrust against British policy over Cyprus. The issue of the Greek appeal in the UN seems to be very crucial. After the referendum organized by the Orthodox Church calling for unity with Greece . Theophylactou, who offers an interpretation of Makarios’ position, claims that Makarios, ‘whose political philosophy was steadily moving away from Athens national policy vis- a- vis Cyprus, had dismissed enosis and adopted a policy of Non-alignment and independence for Cyprus’ . Furthermore, it is noticeable that Greece was highly economically dependent on economic and financial support from the West and did not wish to endanger the loss of its economic lank. As Makarios committed himself to the NAM he began to pursue his own political initiatives. Evaluating his policies one could argue that the vast majority of his decisions were gradually being contradicted with the policies of the National Centre. Makarios was being supported by AKEL and he was trying to implement policies that satisfied the party’s electorate as he was heavily reliant on AKEL’s support. Nevertheless, after the breakdown of peace in Cyprus the US with the active support of Britain tried to propose plans to bring about a settlement. After the rejection of the Acheson plans by Makarios in 1964 and his broader approach to the Soviet Union, the US through their President Johnson had been worried about the possibility of Cyprus eventually becoming ‘the Cuba of Mediterranean’ and Makarios the Castro of the area . However, assessing the role of the NAM in the efforts for a settlement in the Cyprus issue, it is questioned whether it has positively and actively contributed or whether its support was limited in rhetoric. It is worthy to note that interviewing the political party officers in the Greek Cypriot side, there is not an intense assumption that the direction of NAM was wrong and no party criticised Makarios for the specific orientation he attributed to the country’s foreign policy. In the following years the political anomaly had dramatically increased. In July 1974, Turkey found the pretext to impose its partitionist plans against Cyprus, following the coup of 15th of July, perpetrated against the elected government of President Makarios by the Athens military junta. On July 20, claiming to act under article 4 of the Treaty of Guarantee, the Turkish armed forces staged a full scale invasion against Cyprus. Though the invasion was in violation of all rules of international legality, including the UN Charter, Turkey proceeded to occupy the northern part of the island. Later on, the basis for a solution of the Cyprus problem was set in two High Level Agreements. Both agreements, (between President Makarios and the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktash, in February 1977 and between President Kyprianou and Denktash in May 1979), were concluded under the auspices of the UN Secretary General. Apart from the High Level Agreements several initiatives were attempted especially from the Greek-Cypriot side to find a settlement through UN mediation. In particular until 1990 one could argue that the initiatives of the Secretary Generals of the UN Kurt Waldheim, Javier Pà ©rez de Cuà ©llar and Boutros Boutros Ghali were the most comprehensive efforts for a settlement. All the above initiatives clashed to the intransigent position of the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktash. After the subsequent failures to inaugurate negotiations for the resolution of the Cyprus problem, which was the primary foreign policy objective for the Cyprus Government, the Cypriot pol itical leadership decided in 1990 to change the orientation of the country’s foreign policy.   Ã¢â‚¬ËœWesternisation’ of Foreign Policy:   Cyprus’ European orientation as a catalyst for peace or source of further implications? The end of the Cold War, proved that the Western and European structures and values would dominate in the new era which was emerging and uprising. As the most sensitive issue for Cyprus was the necessity to intensify the efforts to find a negotiated settlement to the Cyprus problem, the Cypriot political leadership realised the need to partly transform the country’s foreign policy, implementing a policy aiming at a final accession into the EEC/EU. However, this foreign policy transformation created a strong reaction and opposition from AKEL. The communist party which had positively contributed to the election of President Vasiliou in the Cypriot Presidency in 1988, declared an intensive disagreement concerning Cyprus’ application for EEC membership. According to the official AKEL’s position, they considered the EEC as an imperialistic and neoliberal economic organisation which was using its economic power to pursue its political power in the world against the interests of the poor countries . AKEL saw the EEC as just another Western ally of the United States and NATO and strongly believed that Cyprus has no place and nothing to be benefited from organizations which organized and advocated to the Turkish invasion and the conspiracy of 1974. On the contrary all the other political parties including the right wing Democratic Rally (DHSY), the centre wing Democratic Party (DHKO) and the Socialist Party (EDEK) were vigorously supporting Cyprus’ accession and harmonization to the European structures . In the meantime, in 1993 Glafkos Clerides, the leader of the right wing Democratic Rally, a former President of the House of Representatives (Vouli) and a Greek Cypriot negotiator in the inter-communal talks of 1968-1974, was elected President of the Republic. Initially, his election brought a new prospect for Cyprus, as he was one of the most constant politicians and supporters of Cyprus’ accession into the EU. A central issue of this foreign policy transformation has been the role of the EU and its mediation in the conflict resolution in Cyprus and the outcomes of Cyprus’ EU foreign policy orientation. It is widely accepted that throughout the years, the vast majority of initiatives for a negotiated settlement have been undertaken by the United Nations, with the active support of the United States . Until the early 1990s, the EC/EU was almost absent from the efforts for a settlement. That was because the role of the EC/EU as an international actor until the end of the Cold War was partially undermined. Its contribution to the conflict resolution using civilian and diplomatic instruments was poor. As Olga Demetriou accurately argues, â€Å"the EU has played a minor role in the search for a solution to the Cyprus conflict in comparison with the UN and Britain, and even the US† . However, during the last decade of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st a substantial shift to the EU’s role in the resolution of the Cyprus problem is noticed which vindicates the aspirations of Cypriot leadership. With the growth of the European Integration process and the initial empowerment of the EU’s role as an international actor during the early 1990s with the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, European involvement in South-Eastern Europe grew steadily for a variety of different reasons. The political situation in the Middle East, the Euro-Turkish relations, as well as the substantial issue of immigration, have all constituted the main reasons of the EU’s broader interest in the region. Apart from that, Cyprus’ geographical location at the crossroads of three continents, made it inevitably very crucial as regards the security dimension . As aforementioned, Cyprus’ European orientation â€Å"officially† began in 1990 when it applied for membership in the EEC. Since then, and due to the Turkish European aspiration, as well as the continuous Greek support on the Cyprus problem, the impact of the European Union towards the Cyprus conflict was steadily increasing. Moreover, Cyprus’ application for membership transformed the Cyprus problem into a European issue. However, in the initial stage of the accession process, the political problem was considered an obstacle for the accession and it was suggested that a settlement or at least significant moves towards one were necessary for Cyprus’ accession process to move forward . Various assumptions have been formulated regarding the issue of a settlement as a precondition for the accession. The provoked debate in the European Union has been between those who believed that Cyprus’ EU accession process would act as a catalyst for peace . Obviously, an insistence on a solution before accession would undermine the prospect of Cyprus’ EU accession process to act as a catalyst for peace. The question of whether Cyprus’ accession process should constitute a catalyst for peace was at the centre of the political debate and can be examined from different perspectives in regard to the interests of Greek and Turkish Cypriots. According to Tocci, the EU’s role in the Cyprus problem has two dimensions: â€Å"the impact of the EU as a framework on conflict resolution efforts, and the impact of the accession process on the parties in conflict† . This paper argues that the fact which constituted a crucial help in the resolution of the Cyprus problem was not Cyprus’ final accession in the EU, rather the effect of Cyprus’ EU accession process especially during the final stage. Additionally, another factor has been the partial shift in Turkish foreign policy, as a result of the Turkish European aspirations, which became more active after the coming of power of the AKP. The final stage of the EU accession process which coincided with the latest initiative of the Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Anan had diverse effects to the policies of the two communities . It is important to mention that the EU, as well as the international community, tried in several ways to support the Yes campaign in both communities. There is no doubt that on both sides there were several political parties which were more active to the idea of a solution prior to accession. However there were parties which hardened their positions due to the elections in both communities before the referenda. For those who were in favour of a solution prior to accession, the Anan plan constituted an opportunity for a solution. Moreover, the EU had declared and urged the two communities to accept the Anan plan, showing its active support for a solution prior to accession based on the specific plan. Another significant element which shows the EU’s positive involvement in the efforts for a resolution was its vigilance to economically support a possible solution prior to accession, as well as to provide financial aid to the new state, in order to eliminate the economic dispropor tion between the two communities. The decision to apply for membership in 1990 can be interpreted as an aim of â€Å"strengthening the Greek Cypriot bargaining position in negotiations† . Moreover Cyprus’ accession would confirm the Turkish attack and occupation of an EU member state. To put it differently, the EU, in its various structural, institutional and conceptual manifestations, has played, is still playing and is envisioned as having to play in the future, a variety of roles concerning the conflict in Cyprus. It remains to be seen whether this involvement will change in the future and whether the outcome of any mediation will bring a new prospect for Cyprus and its people. An overall assessment of Cyprus’ EU orientation reveals that the decision to apply for EEC membership in 1990 and partly transform the country’s foreign policy was a correct political evaluation and anticipation of the future prospects.   However, Cyprus retained very good and friendly relations with other former Soviet states as well as with countries of the Arab Worlds and the NAM. Nevertheless, Cyprus as a full member of the EU, is implementing a Europe-oriented foreign policy which is relevant with the European structures and values.   Is this statement always the c ase for Cyprus? An observation of some contemporary debates regarding Cyprus’ foreign policy and the country’s role in the international system, shows that sometimes, the country’s foreign policy is hostage to other factors which hamper it from its natural European orientation. The internal political debate about the issue of Cyprus’ application for Partnership for Peace membership which will be examined and assessed in the next chapter will prove the correctness of the above assumption. Cyprus’ Foreign Policy Hostage to ideology:   The issue of Partnership for Peace.   The process of Europeanization defined as a process of domestic change in order to align national policies with European structures as a result of potential membership- . This section will examine the contemporary debate which emerged recently in the Cyprus’ national political arena concerning the issue of Cyprus’ application for accession into NATO’s programme PfP. Nevertheless, before analysing the domestic political debate regarding the issue of PfP, there is a necessity to clarify and examine some basic theoretical issues about the evolving role of the EU as an actor in the international system. This analysis is crucial, as it is related with the uncertain relations between NATO and the EU which directly affect the examined case of Cyprus and PfP. History proves to us that initiatives to create a common defence policy are not inextricable from European Integration but they are its precondition.   The fact that the efforts have been numerous and of dubious outcome underline the complexity of the goal, but also its necessity. Undoubtedly, the failure of the EDC initiative in 1954, ensured that defence related issues were being discussed outside the EEC context .   However, towards the late 1990s, there was a gradual departure from this policy path. A turning point in the progress made towards ESDP was the summit in St-Malo in December 1998 . Furthermore, relations between the EU and NATO came into question regarding this issue. However , despite the efforts and the to date implementation of 23 missions, the extent to which EU’s security and defence role in the new security architecture in the immediate post-cold war period

Antilock Brakes Essay -- essays papers

Antilock Brakes Antilock brakes are impressive performers on the test track and in television advertising. What has surprised a lot of people is that anti-lock brakes are not reducing the frequency or cost of accidents. This is the case despite the obvious benefits of antilock brakes in test situations. The reason why anti-locks are not making the expected and much projected difference is because many drivers lack the knowledge and experience need to use ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) effectively. I. Introduction A. What are ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) B. Popularity of ABS II. What ABS do and don’t do A. In normal breaking conditions B. In conditions such as: rain, snow, ice C. Why don’t ABS work so well on dry roads III. Understanding ABS A. How ABS works B. Wheel Slip IV. Testing/Findings/Conclusion A. Testing of ABS vs. Conventional Brakes B. Test results C. Conclusion ABS (Anti-lock Brake System): WHAT THEY CAN AND CANNOT DO I. Introduction Antilock brakes are impressive performers on the test track and in television advertising. The idea behind anti-lock brakes is simple. Anti-lock brakes are designed to prevent skidding and help drivers maintain steering control during an emergency-braking situation, by automatically pumping the brakes for the driver to prevent wheel lock. Because the wheels are kept from locking up, the driver is able to better control the vehicle. What has surprised a lot of people is that anti-lock brakes are not reducing the frequency or cost of accidents. This is the case despite the obvious benefits of antilock brakes in test situations. Antilock brakes have become very popular with the public. Forty-three percent of the 1993 model cars came equipped with them and the ratio for 1994 models is eighty percent. This brings the total number of cars on the road today with anti-locks to about 18,000,000. Much of the increase is because of the growing safety reputation antilock brakes forged on the test track. This reputation has been inflated by car commercials that imply anti-locks can prevent crashes because of better stopping power under all conditions. Consumers very often haven't been shown cars with anti-locks performing on surfaces tha... ...ses are: be alert, allow enough stopping distance, and understand your car's safety technology. Bibliography: ANNONATIVE BIBOLGRAPHY ACT Traffic Handbook-Part D Road Craft Online. Internet. 05 April 2000. Available at http://www.act.gov.au/living/roads/traffic/ptdr. html Provided tips and information on how to be a safe and smarter driver. Car Safety Magazine Highway Loss Data Institute. (1996). â€Å"Insurance losses of car equipped with ABS†. Online. Internet. 05 April 2000.Available at http://www.carsafety.org/sr.htm This article provided the testing and results of their investigation, and of The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. CCJ’s Magazine Ross, Chris. (1996). March 1996 article â€Å"Anti-lock braking system†. Online. Internet. 05 April 2000. Available at http://www.ccjmagazine.com/ABS.htm This article provided information of the impact ABS had on the commercial vehicle industry. The Mad Scientist Popa, Adrian. (1998). â€Å"How does the ABS (Anti-lock Brake System) work?† Online. Internet. 05 April 2000. Available at http://www.madscientist.com This article provides information on the computer systems that control ABS.

Distributive vs Integrative Bargaining

Distributive and integrative bargaining requires different strategies, tactics and skill sets in a negotiator to be successfully implemented. Distributive bargaining is know as a win-lose situation based on a fixed amount that has to be divided, whereas integrative bargaining is a win-win situation based on a mutually satisfactory solution. Distributive bargaining is most often referred to as a fixed pix negotiation. There is only so much to go around and it creates a competitive or sometimes argumentative negotiation with both sides vying to get the bigger share.This style negotiation is typically used between parties that have no prior history, and little likelihood of future negotiations. There are many different strategies used in a distributive negotiation, one of which is assessing the other party’s target and resistance points. This can be very hard for a negotiator to accomplish, as there is very little sharing of information in this style of negotiation. Both parties keep information to themselves, as they do not want the opposing side to be able to determine their room to maneuver in, as they want to get the best deal or bigger part of the pie for themselves.Along with this is a negotiating strategy is to manage the other party’s impressions; this can be done by passing along false information or incomplete information to keep another negotiator in the dark. There are many different tactics used in distributive bargaining. One seen in different forms is the use of delaying tactics. This can be done two ways, first by having a negotiator that lacks the power to make a final decision. This adds more time to a negotiation while the agreement is presented to the person who has the authority to approve or reject the agreement.The second delay tactic is by delaying the negotiation past a deadline and thereby incurring a cost or penalty to the other negotiator. However, the most known type of distributive bargaining tactics is the use of hardba ll tactics. Hardball tactics take different forms, but consist for a negotiator taking a firm stand or position and intimidate, push or bully their position onto the other negotiator. Some of these methods include good cop bad cop, lowball and highball, nibble and snow jobs. Integrative bargaining is referred to as increasing the pie in negotiation.This style encourages cooperation to join forces together to create something that works best for both parties. This approach focuses on commonalities rather than differences and working towards a common goal or objective. One of the strategies here is to share information and ideas to create understanding of what is being negotiated to better develop alternate solutions. This is very different from the distributive style as there is no collaboration or information sharing in that approach.Integrative strategies focus on thinking outside the box to create new and unusual solutions whereas distributive is very focused on their positions an d do not look to the parties needs. Integrative tactics includes compromise, unlike distributive bargaining. Compromise actually has many different forms and does not mean that both sides give up something. Variations of compromise include logrolling, creating bridge solutions, cutting the cost for compliance and nonspecific compensation.Both strategies require skill sets that will take time and experience to develop, however integrative strategy is the more difficult one to develop and implement. Integrative bargaining is a mind-set that a negotiator must live and cannot just give lip service to. Without committing to an integrative style from the very beginning a negotiator can send mixed signals and cause confusion in a negotiation. A negotiator must also be able to â€Å"sell† the integrative approach to everyone at the negotiation and be able to move the negotiation towards a collaborative effort.

Definition and Examples of Diazeugma

Definition and Examples of Diazeugma Diazeugma is a  rhetorical term for a sentence construction in which a single subject is accompanied by multiple verbs. Also called  the play-by-play or multiple yoking. The verbs in a diazeugma are usually arranged in a parallel series. Brett Zimmerman points out that diazeugma is an effective way to emphasize action and to help ensure a swift pace to the narrativea sense of many things happening, and quickly (Edgar Allan Poe: Rhetoric and Style, 2005). Etymology From the Greek, disjoining Examples and Observations The seven of us discussed, argued, tried, failed, tried again.(Patrick Rothfuss,  The Wise Mans Fear. DAW, 2011)Swallows dart, dip, dive, swiftly pluck perching insects from slow-moving current.(Robert Watts Handy, River Raft Pack of Weeping Water Flat. Writers Showcase, 2001)Reality demands that you look at the present, and doesnt have time for illusion. Reality lives, loves, laughs, cries, shouts, gets angry, bleeds, and dies, sometimes all in the same instant.(Allen Martin Bair, The Rambles of a Wandering Priest. WestBow Press, 2011Immigrants contribute economically, politically and culturally to American society in the same way native-born Americans do: they go to work or school, raise their children, pay taxes, serve in the military, hold public office, volunteer in the community, and so on.(Kimberley Hicks, How to Communicate With Your Spanish Asian Employees. Atlantic Publishing, 2004) The Play-by-Play Figure Another figure of speech makes one noun serve a cluster of verbs. Hockey announcers use this figure, multiple yoking, when they do play-by-play:Announcer: Labombier takes the puck, gets it past two defenders, shoots . . . misses . . . shoots again, goal!Multiple yoking, the play-by-play figure. Formal name: diazeugma.(Jay Heinrichs, Thank You for Arguing: What Aristotle, Lincoln, and Homer Simpson Can Teach Us About the Art of Persuasion. Three Rivers Press, 2007)Used to and would are good for long series of verbs:On weekdays he used to/would get up, make the breakfast, do the washing-up, pack his sandwiches, put the bins out, say goodbye to his wife and go to work.(Paul Lambotte, Harry Campbell, and John Potter, Aspects of Modern English Usage for Advanced Students. De Boeck Supà ©rieur, 1998 Shakespeares Use of Diazeugma My lord, we haveStood here observing him: Some strange commotionIs in his brain: he bites his lip, and starts;Stops on a sudden, looks upon the ground,Then, lays his finger on his temple; straight,Springs out into fast gait; then, stops again,Strikes his breast hard; and anon, he castsHis eye against the moon: in most strange posturesWe have seen him set himself.(Norfolk in William Shakespeares Henry VIII, Act Three, scene 2 Whitmans Use of Diazeugma As to me I know of nothing else but miracles,Whether I walk the streets of Manhattan,Or dart my sight over the roofs of houses toward the sky,Or wade with naked feet along the beach just in the edge of the water,Or stand under trees in the woods,Or talk by day with any one I love, or sleep in the bed at night with any one I love,Or sit at table at dinner with the rest,Or look at strangers opposite me riding in the car,Or watch honey-bees busy around the hive of a summer forenoon . . ..(Walt Whitman, Miracles) Pronunciation die-ah-ZOOG-muh

An American Tragedy vs A Place in the Sun Essay Example

An American Tragedy vs A Place in the Sun Essay Example An American Tragedy vs A Place in the Sun Paper An American Tragedy vs A Place in the Sun Paper Often, movie adaptations of novels will have many variances. These inconsistencies can change major themes in the story. Such differences appear between Theodore Dressers An American Tragedy and its film adaptation, A Place in the Sun. The films title has a light-hearted and paradisiacal implication, in contrast to the novels title, which suggests hopelessness and suffering. These titles mirror the overall thematic difference in the two versions. The novel blatantly exposes the reality of American society to illustrate how the American dream is an illusion, whereas the film focuses on the consequences that result from foolishness. In An American Tragedy, Cycles downfall is caused by tragic flaws deeply ingrained in American Society. Dresser includes characters from every spectrum of social class and exposes their faults. Both Hornets Briggs and Sandra Finley feign interest in Clyde for their own benefit. Hornets is a lower class Kansas City girl who manipulates Clyde in search of material possessions. Sandra, a wealthy and beautiful woman, shows interest in Clyde to irritate Gilbert Griffith. Dresser introduces many other characters with this same self-centered attitude, such as Orville Mason, the district attorney. It looks to be the biggest and most important case in all my term in office, and if we can only clean it up satisfactorily and quickly, before things break here this fall, it made do us all some good, eh? (532). Orville does not see Cycles case as a fight for Justice, but an easy win for his political standing. Dresser includes these details to highlight the harsh intentions and motivations of Americans. This consistency in motive emphasizes the theme that Americans have a toxic obsession with personal gain that drives many individuals, regardless of class. Clyde is manipulated and his mind is irrupted by people trying to achieve what they think is the American dream, when in reality there is no such thing. Clyde becomes obsessed with being on top both economically and socially, driving him to commit the murder that ultimately leads to his death. In A Place in the Sun, George (Clyde) is led to committing murder not by his obsession with obtaining the American dream, but by his infatuation with Angela (Sandra). The movie focuses less on society and more on the individual. Georges intention to murder Alice (Roberta) to be with Angela exposes his own selfishness, UT his actions are Justified by love. The film skips the first part of the novel, which expands on why Clyde desires to achieve the American Dream. Because of this omission, the theme of the story is changed. Instead of being pulled to the top by greed, the film suggests that George is motivated by love. Georges foolishness in dealing with his two relationships results in Lices accidental drowning. This presents the theme that love can lead to good as well as evil. George is not corrupted by society, (as in the novel), but wrapped up in a situation caused by his own, individual folly. The title of the film suggests this same theme. George is introduced to this place in the sun of luxury, wealth and beautiful women, but his mistakes lead him in another direction. The differing themes between the novel and the film are the novels idea of the tragedy of American society and the films focus on individual mistakes. Dresser portrays characters as greedy and manipulative, while the film portrays them as foolishly in love. The reasons behind this inconsistency may more light-hearted because its purpose is more to entertain, while the novel may be meant to be intellectually profound.

Managing Activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Activities - Essay Example Since the team will be working hand in hand with the consumer, then there will be a need for autonomy in work. The divisional head will only be consulted in adverse cases as most of the decisions will be made on sub-divisional levels. However, the divisional head must make sure that all the respective team members perform their tasks. (Eade, 2003) The first issue that will need to be addressed upon creation of the new Division is identification of the product. In this case, the product will be digitalising traditional broadcast methods within the company. The major item in the agenda is transmittance of live shows. Currently, there is a high demand for live reality shows in a variety of media outlets. In order to stay competitive, the company needs to take control of these live media events. Consequently, the company will have to incorporate IT solutions in order to make the transmission process much faster and also to enhance the consumer’s viewing experiences. This will be possible by transmittance of digitally compressed episodes into KYB’s archive centre. This will go a long way in enhancing management of content because it allows the company to improve its live broadcast. At the same time, the company will be providing some of the most valuable information to its employees with regard to the nature of the p rograms on offer. The essence of the program will be to create a digital video storage system for the company. The following objectives will be achieved through this service The latter objectives will be achieved through one of the Digital Video Broadcasting technologies available today. It should be noted that the traditional methods used by KYB will not be undermined or forgotten in this process. As a matter of fact, the service will be demonstrating how traditional broadcasting methods can be merged with modern methods. (Deren and Ward, 2001) This will be implemented through team work amongst stakeholders in the project

The world wide well known fashion label Mango cooperats with many Essay

The world wide well known fashion label Mango cooperats with many celebrities for its collections. Does this cooperation affect the sales profit of the company - Essay Example But there is always a question about the extra sales these activities actually bring about. Marketing is all about customers. Their behaviour and attitude towards buying a product is of paramount importance. Therefore Marketing is all about understanding the customers and of finding ways and means to for providing product or service as per his requirements. Markets are heterogeneous and are created by reasons of different values, needs wants, constraints, beliefs and incentives. Customers differ in their values and perceptions and want to purchase things that have value for them. Value is not just the monetary part, but also the usefulness and emotions that with go with it. Their need and want play a great role in determining this value. For this reason customer satisfaction has long been considered as the ultimate measure of success for marketers. Organisations that can increase the satisfaction level of their customers can expect profitability in the longer run (Felton 1959; Houston 1986; Webster 1988). Satisfaction is the outcome of customer relationships. This has been explained as antecedents of customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, customer profitability, and a host of other concepts and variables. Customer satisfaction however remains the main concept and concern and has been the foundation of all marketing efforts (Drucker 1954; Levitt 1960; Ames 1970; Gronroos 1989). Measurement of customer satisfaction has always been the main focus of several studies (Myers 1991; Parasuraman et al 1988, 1994; Oliver 1996) as this helps the company to assess and develop marketing strategies that will ensure this satisfaction and creates customer loyalty. Often the customer is acquired for a single sale but it is more important to make him a returning or a lifetime customer. This is considered to be more critical and valuable for a company. Therefore it becomes an important objective, one that is ignored in the initial

Discuss the Greek background into which Christianity developed during Essay

Discuss the Greek background into which Christianity developed during the first century A.D.and discuss the Jewish bckground into which Christianity was born uring the first century A.D - Essay Example ace, the order would have to overcome the culturally and religiously embedded polytheistic ideas that served as a bridge between the current Greek society and the historical Greek society. Making the cultural transition from this set of religious doctrine to that of the Christian one would not be seamless; however, there were aspects of the Greek religious and cultural landscape that facilitated the shift in parallel to one taking place in the Roman Empire. The Greek religious context of First Century Christianity was predominantly one of an ideologically opposed polytheism in which a pantheon of different gods and goddesses took part in influencing the course of human and natural events. The hierarchy of gods, with a king Zeus having a level of power over other gods, displays a very anthropomorphic center in the Greek folk religion. Each of these gods and goddesses possessed control over some general category of nature, or, in other cases, some abstract concepts. The Greek deities were immortal but not all-powerful (omnipotent). The gods were subject to a sense of fate that could not be violated. Like human beings, the Greek deities were not perfect, and often had extensive relationships with human beings. The gods had human vices and fell victim to the same kinds of weaknesses in will that humans are famous for, such as the will to outdo others in competition. In addition, the Greeks associated certain individual gods with cities, su ch as the famous association of Athena with the city of Athens. Clearly, there are some ideological parallels between this description of Ancient Greek faith and the orthodox Christianity that emerged in the First Century. The Christian God was immortal (though omnipotent), and was profoundly anthropomorphic, especially in the traditional Old Testament conception. The hierarchy of gods in the Greek religion corresponds to the hierarchy of the orthodox faith, especially in what many Christians would come to create with the Great

Factional Distillation of Crude Oil Essay Example for Free

Factional Distillation of Crude Oil Essay This process is called fractional distillation. You basically heat crude oil up, let it vaporize and then condense the vapour The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures; so, the first step is to separate these components. Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called fractional distillation. The steps of fractional distillation are as follows: 1. You heat the mixture of two or more substances (liquids) with different boiling points to a high temperature. Heating is usually done with high pressure steam to temperatures of about 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius. 2. The mixture boils, forming vapor (gases); most substances go into the vapor phase. 3. The vapor enters the bottom of a long column (fractional distillation column) that is filled with trays or plates. The trays have many holes or bubble caps (like a loosened cap on a soda bottle) in them to allow the vapor to pass through. They increase the contact time between the vapor and the liquids in the column and help to collect liquids that form at various heights in the column. There is a temperature difference across the column (hot at the bottom, cool at the top). 4. The vapor rises in the column. 5. As the vapor rises through the trays in the column, it cools. 6. When a substance in the vapour reaches a height where the temperature of the column is equal to that substances boiling point, it will condense to form a liquid. (The substance with the lowest boiling point will condense at the highest point in the column; substances with higher boiling points will condense lower in the column. ). 7. The trays collect the various liquid fractions. 8. The collected liquid fractions may pass to condensers, which cool them further, and then go to storage tanks, or they may go to other areas for further chemical processing. Components of the Mixture Crude Oil Components All the . Product| Boiling point ( degrees Celsius )| Petroleum gas| 40| Naphtha or ligroin| 60-100| Gasoline| 40 205| Kerosene| 175-325| Gas oil| 250-350| Lubricating oil| 300-370| Heavy gas| 370-600| Residues| 600| Products of Separation Assessment Question: Why is the mixture separated? What are the components used for? Why is Mixture Separated? 42393793 161b What are the Components Used For? Below is a list of separated components and what they are used for: Petroleum gas Used for heating, cooking and making plastics. Commonly known by the names methane, ethane, propane, butane. Naphtha or Ligroin Intermediate that will be further processed to make gasoline. Gasoline Motor fuel. †¢liquid Kerosene Fuel for jet engines and tractors; starting material for making other products. †¢liquid Gas Oil or Diesel Distillate Used for diesel fuel and heating oil; starting material for making other products. †¢liquid Lubricating Oil Used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants. †¢liquid Heavy Gas or Fuel oil Used for industrial fuel; starting material for making other products. †¢liquid Residuals Coke, asphalt, tar, waxes; starting material for making other products.

Public Sector Agencies are Best Equiped to Fight Social Injustice Essay

Public Sector Agencies are Best Equiped to Fight Social Injustice With a new President, in came the rush of a new agenda. Gone were the days of the Clinton era, a time of continued investment in big government programs and a commitment that the federal government would assist in healing societal wounds. With President Bush in office, the social work community knew it was in for big changes. Armed with an agenda consistent with his conservative beliefs, President Bush came forth with policies that attempted to downsize the federal role in social issues and social work, to return power to the states in the form of block grants, and to increase reliance on the market as a solution to problems. Like his father before him, Bush wanted a return to a time when helping a neighbor was something one did out of the goodness of the heart. To make the tax cuts he promised happen, Bush had to shave dollars from the welfare programs administered by social workers to the nation’s most downtrodden citizens. With support for faith-based social service agencies, a taste for private school vouchers, and an incessant urge to privatize what is known among policy analysts as the â€Å"third rail of politics† (Social Security), President Bush was able to stir up a long-standing debate within the social work community (Zastrow, 1999). Social workers began to ask, once again, what was the most effective, most emblematic type of delivery to the needy: public-sector services or private-sector services? The debate over public and private social services is a constant in the social work profession. To truly understand the debate, the definitions of such agencies must be clear. Barker defines private social agencies as â€Å"nonprofit agencies that provide ... ...re program of the NewYork Charity Organization Society.† Social Service Review. 71:634. Barker, Robert L. The Social Work Dictionary. 4th ed. Washington D.C.: NASW, 1999. Berkowicz, B. (2001). â€Å"Prospecting Among the Poor: Welfare Privatization.† Welfare AdvocacyResearch Project (WARP). Retrieved from the World Wide Web:. Karger, H.J. & Stoesz, D. (2002). American social welfare policy: A pluralist approach (4th ed.).Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Lurie, I. (1998). Welfare Reform in New York State. Poverty Research News. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: . NASW Code of Ethics. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: . Reisch, M. (1999). "Public Social Services." Encyclopedia of Social Work. (19th ed.) New York: NASW Press.